climate change ontario 2021

Working in Ontario's favour is its low-carbon energy in nuclear, hydro and renewables, its innovative and talented post-secondary institutions and workforce, abundance of natural resources in the mining sector to supply the minerals needed to make electric vehicle batteries and solar panels, and its burgeoning clean tech sector. This can take place through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and climate extremes (e.g., heat waves); changes in pests and diseases;[1] changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods;[2] and changes in sea level.[3]. The initiative was announced in the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. By the 2050s, our average temperatures are projected to rise by about 2.5-3.7°C. [145], Agriculture is a particularly important sector in Africa, contributing towards livelihoods and economies across the continent. The 2019 European Environment Agency report "Climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector in Europe" again confirmed this. [77], Duration of crop growth cycles are above all, related to temperature. One of these defences is a protein that blocks digestion of the soy leaves in insects. Without a timely and adequate response, climate change will impact lives and livelihoods at an accelerated rate. ", "Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts", "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases", "SOFI 2019 - The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World", Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation, International Food Policy Research Institute, "East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis", "National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022. [105][108][99][56][152] On a government and global level, research and investments into agricultural productivity and infrastructure must be done to get a better picture of the issues involved and the best methods to address them. [15], The agricultural food system is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. [84] Plant height, biomass, leaf size and stem girth has been shown to decrease in Maize under water limiting conditions. In Central and South Asia, projections suggested that yields might decrease by up to 30%, over the same time period. Found inside – Page 236Important feedback on these ideas was provided by the DFO group on Incorporating Climate Change into Stock Assessment Advice in May 2018. ... Bush & Lemmen, Canada's Changing Climate Report; Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, p. Another way that is being considered and was suggested in the Future Climate Leaders survey was the creation of a Climate Action Plan and an Extreme Weather Resiliency Plan. Climate change can alter the adequacy ratios for specific macronutrients, carbohydrates and protein. [178], In 2020, the European Union's Scientific Advice Mechanism published a detailed review of the EU's policies related to the food system, especially the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy, in relation to their sustainability. The European Commission's 'Farm to Fork strategy for a sustainable food system', due to be published in spring 2020, is expected to lay out how European countries will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, reduce food waste and chemical pesticide use, and contribute to a circular economy. In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty. Found inside – Page 6930 25 20 15 Precipitation Change ( Percent ) 10 5 0 -5 1 10 11 30 25 20 15 Precipitation Change ( Percent ) 10 ... ogcm2 321.2.3 ogom2021.2.3 csiromk2b a11 osiromk2b b11 csiromk2b a21 osiromk2b CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH REPORT CCRR - 06 69. Moreover, the protein content of the grain decreases under combined increases of temperature and CO2 (Ziska et al., 1997). Found inside – Page 57In: Bush E, Lemmen DS (eds) Chapter 6: Canada's changing climate report. Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp 261–342 Burn DH, Aziz OIA, Pietroniro A (2004) A comparison of trends in hydrological variables for two watersheds in the ... Found inside – Page 15Within the last several decades, it has reached most tropical and subtropical areas of the world, as well as several countries in temperate regions (Gugliuzzo et al., 2021; Storer, Payton, McDaniel, Jordal, & Hulcr, 2017). [214], In April 2020, the EU's Scientific Advice Mechanism delivered to European Commissioners a Scientific Opinion on how to transition to a sustainable food system, informed by an evidence review report undertaken by European academies.[215]. Increased evaporation will lead to an increase in storms in some areas, while leading to accelerated drying of other areas. [22] Deforestation also affects regional carbon reuptake, which can result in increased concentrations of CO2, the dominant greenhouse gas. We will improve our understanding of how climate change will impact Ontario. [177] In New Zealand, initial benefits were projected close to major rivers and in western and southern areas. [118] However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential. Found inside – Page 64Forecasting was carried out at the sub - basin level for the years 2001 , 2011 , and 2021 projected from the base of 1996 . ... Climate change is a leading example of an influential factor for which the future impacts in the Great Lakes ... [158] Maize accounts for nearly half of the cultivated land in Southern Africa, and under future climate change, yields could decrease by 30%[159] Temperatures increases also encourage a wide spread of weeds and pests[160] In December 2019, 45 million peoples in southern Africa required help because of crop failure. [176], These issues dealing with agriculture are important to consider because countries in Asia rely on this sector for exports for other countries. Droughts are becoming more frequent and intense in arid and semiarid western North America as temperatures have been rising, advancing the timing and magnitude of spring snow melt floods and reducing river flow volume in summer. But much remains unknown about exactly how climate change may affect farming and food security, in part because the role of farmer behaviour is poorly captured by crop-climate models. Scheduled planting and harvesting based on weather patterns will become less effective. However, planting additional native plants requires more room, which destroys additional acres of public land. [180][181][182] Food security is of particular concern to rural areas that have weak or non-existent food markets to rely on in the case food shortages. [78] In the case of an annual crop, the duration between sowing and harvesting will shorten (for example, the duration in order to harvest corn could shorten between one and four weeks). Erosion and soil degradation is more likely to occur. [98] The water itself must come from somewhere and if the area has been in a drought for any length of time, the rivers may be dry and the water must be transported from further distances. Over the next ten years, we had the very real opportunity to stop it. Obviously, we failed. Nathaniel Rich tells the essential story of why and how, thanks to the actions of politicians and businessmen, that failure came about. These effects may be exacerbated by climate changes in river flow, and the combined effects are likely to reduce the abundance of native trees in favour of non-native herbaceous and drought-tolerant competitors, reduce the habitat quality for many native animals, and slow litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. [199], Several mitigation measures for use in developed countries have been proposed: The need to understand these effects and their implications for the economy and financial system … Design Studio is a new thematic series that distils the most topical work and ideas from schools and practices globally. The first volume launches with a statement: Everything Needs to Change. They suggest that major, near-term, investments in adaptation measures could reduce these risks. Since the formation of the World Trade Organization in 1995, global agricultural trade has increased. Many recent changes are what Klein proposes in these very pages. The world can, actually, turn on a dime if necessary. This is the blueprint for how to do it. Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing. [185][188] For example, socioeconomic and policy trends affecting smallholder and subsistence farmers limit their capacity to adapt to change. Page 736", "Climate Change Is Likely to Devastate the Global Food Supply. Some of the warming was due to a local (possibly temporary) effect via ocean currents from the Caribbean, which had also affected fish stocks. Found inside – Page 162Every person has a right to live in a healthful environment in which biodiversity is preserved, to the extent and ... There is recent climate change litigation filed by Greenpeace Canada and Ecojustice Canada against the Ontario ... Among the report's recommendations in that governments should help enable the transition toward net-zero emissions through continued investment with the private sector and more coordinated strategies that support research and commercialization, expand skills training and de-risk private financing in clean technology. A 2009 ICTSD-IPC study by Jodie Keane[144] suggests that climate change could cause farm output in sub-Saharan Africa to decrease by 12% by 2080 - although in some African countries this figure could be as much as 60%, with agricultural exports declining by up to one fifth in others. [84] Development of leaves is also dependent upon turgor pressure, concentration of nutrients, and carbon assimilates all of which are reduced by drought conditions, thus drought stress lead to a decrease in leaf size and number. Participants take part in a Fridays For Future rally in Sudbury, Ont. [46] Other studies rely instead on projections of key agro-meteorological or agro-climate indices, such as growing season length, plant heat stress, or start of field operations, identified by land management stakeholders and that provide useful information on mechanisms driving climate change impact on agriculture. [61][1] It has been predicted that the effect of climate change will add a level of complexity to figuring out how to maintain sustainable agriculture. [181] As a result, farmers in Latin America received lower prices for their products compared to world market prices. 2018 was the third time in four years that global wheat, rice and maize production failed to meet demand, forcing governments and food companies to release stocks from storage. [1], Research has shown that climate change may alter the developmental stages of plant pathogens that can affect crops. Promoting the growth of forests can provide these backup food supplies, and also provide watershed conservation, carbon sequestration, and aesthetic value. One proposed solution is to increase the number of pesticides used on future crops. More detailed analysis of rice yields by the International Rice Research Institute forecast 20% reduction in yields over the region per degree Celsius of temperature rise. The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer. ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) will affect monsoon patterns more intensely in the future as climate change warms up the ocean's water. [82] Water stress affects plant development and quality in a variety of ways first off drought can cause poor germination and impaired seedling development in plants. [132] US NRC (2011)[131] also provided an estimated the "likely" range of changes in yields. [183], According to researchers John F. Morton and T. Roberts, disproportionate vulnerability to climate disasters is socially determined. The possible evolution of the organic matter in the soil is a highly contested issue: while the increase in the temperature would induce a greater rate in the production of minerals, lessening the soil organic matter content, the atmospheric CO2 concentration would tend to increase it. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) have investigated the potential impacts climate change could have on agriculture, and how this would affect attempts at alleviating poverty in the developing world. [54] Characteristics of weeds such as their genetic diversity, cross-breeding ability, and fast-growth rates put them at an advantage in changing climates as these characteristics allow them to adapt readily in comparison to most farm's uniform crops, and give them a biological advantage. Another example is the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic in BC, Canada which killed millions of pine trees because the winters were not cold enough to slow or kill the growing beetle larvae. "Medium confidence" has about a 5 out of 10 chance of being correct. "Climate change merely increases the urgency of reforming trade policies to ensure that global food security needs are met"[143] said C. Bellmann, ICTSD Programmes Director. [76] In addition to that, warmer temperatures in winter trigger many flowering plants to blossom, because plants need stimulation to flower, which is normally a long winter chill. Some of these strategies include a higher efficiency in livestock farming, which includes management, as well as technology; a more effective process of managing manure; a lower dependence upon fossil-fuels and nonrenewable resources; a variation in the animals' eating and drinking duration, time and location; and a cutback in both the production and consumption of animal-sourced foods.[17][18][19][20]. Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value. [153] Projections of climate change are also anticipated to reduce the potential of the cultivated land to produce crops of high quantity and quality. [177], With high confidence, IPCC (2007:14)[148] projected that in Southern Europe, climate change would reduce crop productivity. Any rise in sea level of no more than a meter will drown several km2 of rice paddies, rendering Vietnam incapable of producing its main staple and export of rice.[117]. Bruce Power announces launch of Bruce Power Net Zero Inc. in an effort to fight climate change Graphic supplied by Bruce Power. Environment & Climate Change Laws and Regulations 2021. The effect of climate on agriculture is related to variabilities in local climates rather than in global climate patterns. [190] With high confidence, IPCC (2007:14–15)[148] projected that over the first few decades of this century, moderate climate change would increase aggregate yields of rain-fed agriculture by 5–20%, but with important variability among regions. [94] Because of the lack of water available to crops in warmer countries they struggle to survive as they suffer from dehydration, taking into account the increasing demand for water outside of agriculture as well as other agricultural demands. [1] Soybean rust is a vicious plant pathogen that can kill off entire fields in a matter of days, devastating farmers and costing billions in agricultural losses. A meta-analysis in 2014 revealed consensus that yield is expected to decrease in the second half of the century, and with greater effect in tropical than temperate regions. Found inside – Page 25Environment and Climate Change Canada, Waste Reduction and Management Division (2017) 11. https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/clear-part2-339.htm#sec29 ... In: 2010 Annual report of the Office of the Auditor General of Ontario, pp 213–239 15. The continued retreat of glaciers will have a number of different quantitative impacts. [109], With more costs to the farmer, some will no longer find it financially feasible to farm. Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.[168][169]. [127], As part of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report, Schneider et al. Conflict and climate migrants – Climate change is a stress multiplier – it can take existing problems, such as lack of food or shelter, and make them worse. [107] Some other suggestions such as eliminating supply chain and household food waste, encouraging diverse and vegetable-rich diets, and providing global access to foods (food aid programs) have been suggested as ways to adapt. [56] Currently, weeds claim about one tenth of global crop yields annually as there are about eight to ten weed species in a field competing with crops. Found inside – Page 246Research in 2013 using data from 17 modelling approaches for climate change concluded that, by 2050, ... change was allowing the growth of more Vitis Vinifera grape varieties and was benefiting some growers in the Ontario wine regions. Climate change may increase the amount of arable land in high-latitude region by reduction of the amount of frozen lands. Reduced nitrogen content in grazing plants has also been shown to reduce animal productivity in sheep, which depend on microbes in their gut to digest plants, which in turn depend on nitrogen intake. The report made mention of Algoma Steel's upcoming transition from coal-fired steelmaking in Sault Ste. From 2009 to 2019, the region saw years of heavy rainfall in between years of below average rainfall. [103][108] In Sub-Saharan Africa, water is used to flood rice fields to control the weed population; with the projection of less precipitation for this area, this historical method of weed control will no longer be possible. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. On the opposite end of the spectrum, droughts can also wipe out crops. Prices on food will rise due to the shortage of food production due to conditions not being favourable for crop production. Emissions from farms of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide are the main culprits; being up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of agricultural emissions. This page was last edited on 17 November 2021, at 15:39. Most subsistence farmers in the region have no irrigation and thus depend on the rains for their crops to grow. Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas increases through land use in four main ways: Together, these agricultural processes comprise 54% of methane emissions, roughly 80% of nitrous oxide emissions, and virtually all carbon dioxide emissions tied to land use.[21]. [208] Thus, the emphasis is not simply on sustainable agriculture, but also on increasing agricultural productivity. [149] Research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) have identified that crop pests already account for approximately 1/6th of farm productivity losses. Extended drought can cause the failure of small and marginal farms with resultant economic, political and social disruption, more so than this currently occurs. Research from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) suggest an increase in maize yields for most East Africa, but yield losses in parts of Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania and northern Uganda. For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%. [54] There is also a shift in the distribution of pests as the altered climate makes areas previously uninhabitable more uninviting. Increased erosion in agricultural landscapes from anthropogenic factors can occur with losses of up to 22% of soil carbon in 50 years. also set up a weather monitoring system to help predict extreme weather events, and would send residents text messages to warn them about periods of frosts, extreme heat, humidity, or drought. The report said, not only is Ontario is well ahead of most jurisdictions in achieving net-zero emissions by virtue of its nuclear and hydro assets, the province's energy sector is developing next-generation technology with small modular reactors (SMRs). Found inside – Page 21Current understanding of the physical behaviour of Lake Ontario is assessed . In particular , the role of water ... 6523-2021 Recent environmental changes inferred from the sediments of small lakes In Yellowstone's northern range . Climate change leads to extreme weather events that affect homes, like flooding. Issues such as tree canopy cover and energy conservation are two ways that municipalities can help deal with the issue of climate change in their local area. [52] This includes things like planting rows of native vegetation in between rows of crops. FILE - Minister of Environment and Climate Change Steven Guilbeault speaks with the media following a cabinet meeting, in Ottawa, Wednesday, Oct. 27, 2021. [204][184] Water catchment systems that collect water during the rainy season to be used during the dry season or periods of drought, can also be used to mitigate the effects of climate change. If change is gradual, there may be enough time for biota adjustment. Using data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization as well as other public sources, the authors analyzed 225 different staple foods, such as wheat, rice, maize, vegetables, roots and fruits. [70] losses are compared to those of 1945, the worst harvest in memory. A 2005 study reports that temperature in Siberia has increased three-degree Celsius in average since 1960 (much more than the rest of the world). A comprehensive assessment of the effects of climate change on global grasslands and the mitigating role that ecologists can play. In addition to being a significant user of land and consumer of fossil fuel, agriculture contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions through practices such as rice production and the raising of livestock;[14] according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the three main causes of the increase in greenhouse gases observed over the past 250 years have been fossil fuels, land use, and agriculture. The chamber is also launching a virtual event series featuring experts that will focus on topics such as clean technology, hydrogen, small modular reactors, zero-emission vehicles and natural resources. The CO2 diminishes the plant's jasmonic acid production, an insect-killing poison that is excreted when the plant senses it's being attacked. Our plan will ensure the prudent and responsible use of public resources to drive private sector investment. Increased mass of CO2 increases photosynthesis, this CO2 potentially stunts the growth of the plant. It is estimated that 35-50% of the world's crops are at risk of drought. To prevent hunger, instability, new waves of climate refugees, international help will be needed to countries who will miss the money to buy enough food and for also for stopping conflicts. [59], A very important point to consider is that weeds would undergo the same acceleration of cycle as cultivated crops, and would also benefit from carbonaceous fertilization. Found inside – Page 252Named Canadian Vegetable Oil Products (CVOP; Div. of Canada Packers, Hamilton, Ontario) Before the mid-1980s. Named Canadian Vegetable Oil ... See Global Warming / Climate Change as Environmental Issues Caribbean. ... (1917-2021). Cropping systems, livestock and fisheries will be at greater risk of pest and diseases as a result of future climate change. Irshad Manji calls herself a Muslim refusenik. [54] The increasing incidence of flooding and heavy rains also promotes the growth of various other plant pests and diseases. [4] Future climate changes will most likely affect crop production in low latitude countries negatively, while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative. The warmer, wetter winters are promoting fungal plant diseases like wheat rusts (stripe and brown/leaf) and soybean rust to travel northward. [51] Warmer temperatures and elevated CO2 levels were simulated for one field of soybeans, while the other was left as a control. Mar 14, 2021 - Daylight Saving Time Started. In the Indus watershed, these mountain water resources contribute to up to 60% of irrigation outside of the monsoon season, and an additional 11% of total crop production. "Crassulacean Acid Metabolism" oxygen is all along the layer of the leaves for each plant leaves taking in CO2and release O2. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. [136] Projections suggested that there could be large decreases in hunger globally by 2080, compared to the (then-current) 2006 level. 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