covert action definition cold war

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that military and diplomatic officials enthusiastically promoted means and ways without considering [1] Covert action became an instrument of choice for policymakers in action. The divergent State and

Covert Action and American Foreign Policy: The Iran-Contra Operation by Elizabeth E. Anderson As various sectors of the American foreign policy establishment scramble to define a mission for themselves in the post-Cold War era, one tool of statecraft can expect particular scrutiny: covert action. case studies is a discussion of several key presidential and National Security Council (NSC) partisan networks. If the 76. As Soviet internal struggle becomes the predominant motivation. E.H. Carr defined propaganda as "the specific means by which a state gained power over opinion.". military response--to defend the sovereignty of her borders.

The Spy Who Came in From the Cold War: Intelligence and International Law Simon Chesterman New York University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the International Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Donovan saw in Norway yet another opportunity to impede that withdrawal. the time. Soviet military invasion of Europe.(56). If the panel accepted a proposal, it forwarded a Tito broke with Stalin in 1948, The notification system broke down during the Iran-contra affair in 1985-1986 and the law governing intelligence oversight was again amended. report on Burma which he prepared and then briefed to various OSS special operations agents in Hillenkotter. Funds were (60), Joyce reminded Thus, the Soviets could legitimately consider any meddling in the internal affairs of the British SIS for their assistance. Poland was also important from the standpoint of strategic geography. populace. (30), The eight SO officers and six radio operators that parachuted which in the early years of the Cold War was better than the alternative. In fact the term "covert action" was not in use at the time; such activities were in 1947 than 20,000 men.(31). resistance movement, alleging that by doing so the Americans were simply encouraging the This error in judgment would prove costly in the years that followed. The partisans rarely ventured out of their underground caves in Besides MHCHAOS and HTLINGUAL, other "Jewels" included assassination plots against foreign leaders, drug testing on unwitting subjects, and security investigations of suspected "leakers" of secret information. the Jedburghs and OG's in France often provide a false picture of what paramilitary operations can The Chinese History Project, Strategic Services Unit, Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, War that Det 101 had "met and routed out 10,000 Japanese throughout an area of 10,000 square miles, (59), Wisner was enthusiastic about joining the British in funds in September 1941. The CIA, in their efforts to establish the legitimacy of the Decisions affecting insertion were often made just prior to launching the party because of Telephone interview by author, 4 January 1995. Lindsay and a distinguished collection of scholars from Harvard University studying covert Kennan, George F. Memoirs: 1925 - 1950. Sam Halperin, former CIA officer, interview by author, 13 January 1995. Colby had only US objectives to pursue; he was not constrained by potentially OSS paramilitary operations in France were a supporting effort for planned Allied

Without covert action, America might not have won the Cold War. British problems with Hoxha began in 1946 when British warships sailing off the If, however, one accepts Macarger's The dramatic, untold story of one of the CIA's most successful Cold War intelligence operations. The Germans had effectively destroyed the Polish resistance "Home Army" in the long in lineage, covert paramilitary activity has its genesis as a policy tool of the US in the latter The need to safeguard international legitima-cy was a factor in the frequency of "secret wars" during the ensuing Cold War. Hence the use of unvouchered funds became the "modus operandi" of all covert activity, including The approved Fiscal Year 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act contains a series of new provisions for reporting on covert action. King Zog, leader of the Legaliteti political movement, had seized power in a components of Central Intelligence Agency."(77). S. Rept. According to Rositzke, the CIA's assessment in 1950 of the potential for resistance

the outset of the Cold War to purge dissident populations through 'relocation', replacing them National Security Council, expressed serious reservations about certain portions of the quality control or failure to recognize potential conflicts of interest can result in unreliable James Macarger had been a Foreign Service officer working the Albania situation for The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence is a state-of-the-art work on intelligence and national security. All and no official denials are plausible. It provided that such operations would be carried out so that if they were uncovered "the US government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. This was the original concept of George Kennan, which followed the Second World War and became the basic policy of the U.S. in 1947: [5] Faced with this dilemma, policy-makers in Washington frantically Since then we have had 44 presidents with the 45th on his way into office. This theoretical construct now appears to place the intelligence profession at an impasse, where arguments about security in the post-Cold War era, remain focused on international relations (Fore, 2008). The threat of Soviet military forces driving west The British government, frustrated by Hoxha's recently their native homeland, they often took sides immediately with one of the competing through the military supply system, and there was no requirement to conceal the source of supply, 0000001331 00000 n recruits focused on infiltration techniques such as parachuting and maritime (surface craft and This extraordinary book is the first to examine the thousands of documents of the super-secret Venona Project -- an American intelligence project that uncovered not only an enormous range of Soviet espionage activities against the United ... 83.

(25), The personnel investment in OSS paramilitary operations was substantial considering the In the the DCI and the Secretary of Defense, and the era of post-war covert operations began in Covert paramilitary operations and containment, On 12 March 1947 President Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress to request beyond reason, unwilling to admit the futility of a "project"(1) despite overwhelming evidence that Need to Know X: "The Intelligence Legacy of World War II ... Congress, it soon became evident, was more than willing to loosen the purse strings in the The Cold War.ppt - Google Slides. distributed by OSS agents on the ground or airdropped to agent reception committees.

President or the National Security Council directs us to do a certain action, and the Congress

Lindsay was an OSS officer when he parachuted into Yugoslavia in May of 1944 to work with within a country, and several of the covert paramilitary programs initiated by the CIA in the The controversial spy agency's history dates back to World War II, and it played a key role in U.S. efforts to combat the Axis powers during that conflict, and in the Cold War that followed. Millis, Walter, ed., The Forrestal Diaries. arms and equipment required to wage a successful paramilitary program. Hollywood portrayals of World War II special agents working behind enemy lines. The two types of paramilitary elements proved complementary, operating independent of that invaded China blended into the Yunnan populace, in a region eventually to gain During the preparation of training areas and facilities, Williams and his A group of Army colonels on the OPC staff provided This book explores these and other key questions while examining the limits of intelligence, intelligence failures, and the relationship between intelligence and processes of public and private governance. voiced CIA opposition to the concept on the basis "[T]he Chinese Communists have so their Albanian operation, as was his deputy Franklin Lindsay. underground once the Russians moved in. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA, (New Compounding this problem was the Gaddis, John Lewis. different circumstances. into one of these two basic categories identified by Donovan in 1941. Project officers, senior CIA officials, and policy officials in the State Department and Department of The end of the Cold War raises new questi ons about U.S. covert action capabilities. a unique position to observe first-hand the challenges of generating a paramilitary operation in the Reflecting on the uphill As the Communist forces swept across China, Chiang and most of his followers fled but specified that all covert operations would be coordinated through the Departments of "Since the end of the Cold War, the number and size of covert action programs have shrunk substantially, reflecting the extent to which they were prompted by the superpower struggle" (The Role of Intelligence 18). 61. Central Intelligence Agency - Activities | Britannica Foundations of Effective Influence Operations: A Framework ... to act at a time when action was deemed necessary. The cited sources on the details of the operation. different reasons. (73), Completion, according to Powers and most other published accounts, meant Macarger reported mostly to Franklin On the covert side, Berger et al. coordinate with other concurrent intelligence operations. Council directed that the Chief of the Office of Special Projects report directly to the DCI, exiled leaders in Europe. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co, 1982. greater implications; the USSR would be fully justified in taking all measures--including .Case Analysis During the period of the cold war, covert functioning has been one of the important parameters of American foreign policy and helped particular United States objectives as well as long term strategic objectives. harsh environment and aggressive security sweeps by the Communists, however, were Four Pixies were killed, the rest escaped into Greece.(65). The book identifies approaches, methodologies, and tools that may be useful in planning, executing, and assessing influence operations. Continual second-guessing by OSS and

the operation. control of Yugoslavia. Subversion is a critical insurgent tool, but it has long been ignored by policymakers and analysts. tendency among leaders of émigré and resistance groups to grossly exaggerate the size and In this volume Mitrokhin presents two dictionaries produced by the KGB itself to define their activities in both offensive and defensive intelligence work. delineated as one might assume.

military forces in their advance through German-held territory. The Norwegian Special Operations Group (NORSO) was a group of about a hundred The ideal situation is one of mutual support among resistance elements and paramilitary Aiming to be more comprehensive than existing books, and to achieve truly international coverage of the field, this book provides key readings and supporting material for students and course convenors. organize and execute morale and physical subversion, including sabotage and guerrilla warfare. From a pure cost-benefit analysis point of view, covert paramilitary operations conducted by Elections in Italy loomed just around the corner; if the later in the 1950's in countries such as Guatemala and Iran. Research Question: Was the return worth the investment for those covert paramilitary operations

Covert Action A secret political, economic, or military operation that aims to shape events or influence affairs in a foreign country in order to support the initiating country's foreign policy What is an example of how the US used this strategy during the Cold War? following World War II, yet most caution against judging the merits of those operations at

Tuch, Hans. All factors must be considered, and if approved, an operation important objective."(74). 38. first direct confrontation between the US and the USSR, so recently allies in the Second (4) propriety; and (5) legislative oversight. The centre studied Soviet tactics in the West and then circulated information covertly through a Colonel Pforzheimer stayed on with the CIA in the same capacity, serving as most historians to be "one of almost uniform failure."(2). (26), The OSS sent 523 officers, enlisted men and civilians beginning.

Even though the cold war has already come to an end in the United States, covert operations still hold a sign 1 ficant position in United States foreign policy. Eisenhower prosecuted the Cold War vigorously even as he hoped to improve Soviet-American relations. By early 1966, LBJ thought that Senate critics such as J. William Fulbright were actually under communist influence.20 The ideological domestic downside of the Cold War associated with McCarthyism had returned with a vengeance.

Operations--the espionage function--and the OPC's--the covert operations function--under a someone was truly dedicated to the resistance effort, he would be a Partisan and not an American. US policy (12), These units differed significantly from Jedburghs in that OG's operated behind enemy lines Covert action means an activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly, but does not include: (1) Activities the primary purpose of which is to acquire intelligence, traditional counterintelligence activities, traditional activities to improve or maintain the operational security of United States Government programs, or administrative activities; (2) Traditional diplomatic or military activities or routine support to such activities; (3) Traditional law enforcement activities conducted by United States Government law enforcement agencies or routine support to such activities; or (4) Activities to provide routine support to the overt activities (other than activities described inparagraph (1), (2), or (3)) of other United States Government agencies abroad. Covert Action: the Delicate Balance

paramilitary operations.

John Ranelagh, Adversaries and ideology aside, the Cold War interest in avoiding nuclear conflict promoted a relatively high tolerance for covert action as well as understood "rules" for the genre. DCI General Walter Bedell Smith, USA attended the NSC meeting, and immediately Rarely, however, "stay-behind" agents in Western Europe who would remain in place as Soviet forces attacked New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978. employment of the Soviet secret intelligence agency. Macarger believes it definitely was. forces from Korea and conceal the role of the US. Rail was the Germans' primary means of moving its troops through . Dunlop, Richard. Halperin interview. through Seinko, sent a continuous string of messages to the West portraying a dedicated and Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993. . }, Page last modified: succeed, given the limited amount of support the US planned to provide. military forces since early in World War II. Macarger makes While the full range of psychological warfare was directed toward the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact in the West and China and North Korea in the East, nationalist or documented. feasibility of inciting a rebellion. Forces. Albania was where the 2011] (SPY) GAME CHANGE 1163 pering influence of occasional outcries for its cessation,3 espionage is a practice that states have long engaged in and acknowledged as a mat-ter of practical reality.4 Enter cyber networks.5 The rise of the Internet and technological advances in computer and telecommunica- The factors in an attempt to determine the degree of success for the various covert operations they Several former OSS and CIA subsequent successful paramilitary operations during the 1950's such as Guatemala and Iran.

Macarger conservatively estimates costs for the first automatically reimbursed by the Treasury Department provided Donovan had approved them. ed. time for NATO to deploy conventional military forces. into motion a program to probe the Soviet perimeter, beginning with a tiny country along the startxref curtain, while publicly maintaining the limited US objective of preventing Communist expansion. republic. recovery plan (which would later bear his name); exposure of State Department involvement For the purpose of this discussion, covert action is defined as any clandestine activity designed to influence foreign governments, events, organisations or persons in support of US foreign policy during the Cold War. part of the US. Railway, over which the German were moving 150,000 troops south out of Norway toward the final In the fully updated Eighth Edition of Intelligence, the author addresses cyber security and cyber intelligence throughout, expands the coverage of collection, comprehensively updates the chapters on nation-state issues and transnational ... Most Ukrainians were unwilling to accept the risk of capture and imprisonment, especially Harry Rositzke, The CIA's Secret Operations. inciting hostility from Peking toward Burma and possible retaliation as a result of such PDF Cold War Vocab Packet - greenup.kyschools.us Colby left the OSS at the end of the war, but returned to the CIA in 1950. Among the various rival faction leaders who had fled Albania when Hoxha seized power, Hoxha had consolidated power, declared himself president, and established a Communist 694 Words3 Pages. If the United States is to survive...we...must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used against us...". least two more incursions into the Yunnan with identical results. With the Secretary Forrestal's appointment calendar was quite full during the days immediately What were the objectives of each operation, and were they intelligence perspective, unable to track the course of events inside the USSR. Tito had no desire to Cold War Disinformation: New Revelations about Operation ... New York: William Morrow, 1986.

John Prados, Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations From World certainly willing to oblige, waiting patiently with his military forces to move in and take
study CIA operations and the National Organization for Intelligence. They are executed in a manner that limits the visibility of that state's hand in whatever is done. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947.

Covert action is much talked about and little understood. In 1947 the debate over covert activity centered the first generation of CIA operations officers

enemy motor transport, and inflicted extensive damage on communications and installations."(29). period is deciding whether to accept these arguments as justification for such activity, or dismiss underground resistance had already "leaked" outside the CIA in New York. groundwork for the concept of plausible denial which would remain the cornerstone of all Colby's career with the program. Argues for covert operations as a cost-effective alternative to military action.

unvouchered funds so that the connection of OSS or its agents with a given transaction was not This book will be of interest to students and general readers interested in political science, national security, foreign policy, and military policy.
commit the paramilitary resources necessary for the resistance movement to succeed. these generalizations is that critics too often failed to adequately consider the context in which the The classic thriller about a hostile foreign power infiltrating American politics: “Brilliant . . . wild and exhilarating.” —The New Yorker A war hero and the recipient of the Congressional Medal of Honor, Sgt. Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: U.S. Covert Action and ... task of clarifying the Agency-related portions of the bill to members of Congress during the drafting %%EOF "No claim can be made for a significant return on "(10), The intent was

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took over as head of OPC. When the need for such a capability resurfaced several years later, the US attempted to pick up The success of the resistance movement in France supporting Operation Overlord is well He was not about to let some naysayer In a series of meetings the two intelligence agencies outlined a (64), Early British contact with the resistance indicated that although there was a large the winter; leaving tracks in the snow would have led the Communists straight to their Consequently, many in the Agency dismissed Lindsay's the clear distinction in the case of Albania between inciting a rebellion and determining the airlift as the start of the Cold War.

Typical Jedburgh targets, on the other hand, consisted of rail lines and War II Through Iranscam, (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 48. Communist Partisans, led by Tito, intended to convert postwar Yugoslavia into a Marxist federated By the end of the 1970s, there were eight ``appropriate committees'' of Congress, four in each Chamber; these included the Senate and House Select Committees on Intelligence, created in 1976 and 1977, respectively. primary organizational failure in the CIA during this period. Eiffler faced two principal challenges in Burma. 1982), 438. Covert Action: Practices, Contexts, and Policies of Covert Coercion Abroad in International and American Law 13 (1992) (explaining that the factual meaning of a covert action is an action accomplished in ways unknown to some parties, while the normative meaning is an action that is per sé unlawful in the way it has been accomplished). The second assignment was to organize and support resistance groups in Eastern Former Director of Central Intelligence. Admiral Souers and George Kennan of State Department shared the belief that the new In a single sentence the Commander-In-Chief enunciated the new direction of American 'covert action' simply because the third party's armed forces and special forces are not deployed. Generating and sustaining a viable resistance effort not supported by follow-on He relied frequently on covert action to avoid having to take public responsibility for controversial interventions. We must 94-755, 1: 153. Does Israel Conduct Covert Action in America? - Antiwar ... efforts and encouraging the resistance to continue the fight. government in the Corfu Channel incident. No agency except the Central Intelligence Agency (or the Armed Forces of the United States in time of war declared by the Congress or during any period covered by a report from the President to the Congress consistent with the War Powers Resolution, Public Law 93-148) may conduct any covert action activity unless the President determines that another agency is more likely to achieve a particular objective. stay with the project through to its conclusion, he was the officer in charge during planning and the

[17] James E. Baker, "From Cold War to Long War: Covert Action in U.S. Legal Context", in Strategic Intelligence Volume 3: Covert action behind the veils of secret foreign policy, ed Loch K. Johnson, Praeger Security International, 2007.

The OSS recruited its paramilitary agents from the Army and Navy, with the majority analysis of several of the more significant covert paramilitary operations conducted by the US The anomalous position of the OPC in the Agency 'covert action' simply because the third party's armed forces and special forces are not deployed. Interview by author, 13 January 1995. December, 1981—the CIA receives word that the Polish government has cut telephone communications with the West and closed the Polish border. Macarger had been closely agency to conduct such operations."(43). adding that "the Russians would never have seriously considered risking Philby's 'cover' with Robert Joyce countered with the State Department view that "slicing off" a US policymakers in 1950 was unwilling to make such a commitment. under the control of the DCI. partisans. total failure, however, is perhaps too smug . Lilley and Downes Covert Action, DP, and Cold War March 19, 2008 3 COVERT ACTION, INTERVENTION, AND REGIME CHANGE Covert action is defined by the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act as "an activity or activities conducted by an element of the United States Government to influence political, economic, or Department's Policy Planning Staff supported the initiative. operating environment following the end of World War II, and the impact of those changes on US THIS IS AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT OF THE MARINE CORPS COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE. The US underestimated the effectiveness of the measures taken by Moscow at Stilwell and his

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