classification of events

classification of species: Artenbestimmung {f} biol. Starting with the work of Canterford and Pierrehumbert (1977), a value of explicitly linking series of flood events to their hydroclimatic causes rather than considering only individual events was recognized. Intraoperative adverse events are a concern for patients, anaesthetists, and surgeons because of their association with adverse postoperative outcomes, In contrast with postoperative complications, prospectively validated systems for reporting intraoperative adverse events are lacking, Uniform definitions and transparent reporting of intraoperative adverse events are required for programmes to improve the safety of surgery and to compare results from clinical research, ClassIntra is the first prospectively validated classification system with good reliability and practicability that includes intraoperative adverse events related to surgery and anaesthesia, ClassIntra covers a major unmet need as it provides a standardised instrument to quantify and qualify intraoperative adverse events in clinical practice and clinical research for a range of surgical disciplines and for anaesthesia. Relationship management is the primary objective, and teams are often constructed for that purpose. The robustness of classifications based on conceptual decision trees with respect to threshold changes can be assessed in Monte Carlo experiment where thresholds are represented as random variables with assumed probability density function.
Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, Institute for Environmental Sciences and Geography, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Institute for Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany, Institute of Hydrology, Water Resources Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

classification of problems: Problemunterteilung {f} insur. Grade VI refers to intraoperative death. As clinicians become more familiar with ClassIntra, we believe the system will be easier to use, similar to the experience with the Clavien-Dindo classification after its introduction into routine clinical practice. Thirty day follow-up was available for 2372 (94%) patients (fig 1). Day of occurrence (i.e., season) is first used to discriminate floods produced during the Arizona summer convective storm season (also referred as the North American Monsoon).

Another hydroclimatic approach to classify floods links the occurrence of particular events with that of certain atmospheric circulation pattern, cyclone track, or low‐frequency climate variability. In reconstruction of historical flood events based on documentary evidence flood classification mostly refers to the severity of events and impact assessment (Brázdil et al., 2012; Glaser et al., 2010). This is often justified with the limited availability of data sources.

For understanding flood generating mechanisms, it is crucial to consider characteristics that can provide evidence about these processes at the catchment scale. There are large local and regional variations in detected causative flood types and subtypes.

Also, ClassIntra can be used in critical incidence reporting systems,41 for measuring individual performance in educational settings and system performance for benchmarking by institutions, and for outcome research.Future implementation studies should evaluate this tool in daily clinical practice for risk stratification of postoperative care or for planning resources and hospital capacities, in view of the increase in postoperative length of stay with the increasing severity of the ClassIntra grade. ClassIntra can be incorporated into routine practice in perioperative surgical safety checklists, or used as a monitoring and outcome reporting tool for different surgical disciplines. Results Of 2520 patients enrolled, 610 (24%) experienced at least one intraoperative adverse event and 838 (33%) at least one postoperative complication. Hence ClassIntra is a useful tool for recording intraoperative adverse events and should be incorporated into the perioperative surgical safety checklist to highlight recurrent and potentially avoidable complications.

The value of MODIS snow cover data in validating and calibrating conceptual hydrologic models, Aspects of seasonality and flood generating circulation patterns in a mountainous catchment in South‐Eastern Germany, Changes in the flood hazard in Germany through changing frequency and persistence of circulation patterns, Das Jahrtausend Hochwasser von 1480 an Aare und Rhein, Cost733cat ‐ a database of weather and circulation type classifications, Hydro‐climatology of the lower Rhône Valley: Historical flood reconstruction (AD 1300–2000) based on documentary and instrumental sources, Upper and lower frequency curves for peak rates of runoff, A probabilistic model for flooding downstream of the junction of two Rivers, What do we mean by sensitivity analysis? Classification of Adverse Events. Derivation and validation of a novel severity classification for intraoperative adverse events. Alternatively, the value of flood type information can be also compared with random or hydrologically meaningless grouping. The physical basis of flood forecasting models can also be enhanced by flood‐type‐specific calibration that accounts for different dynamics and processes governing different flood types (Cullmann, Krauße, & Philipp, 2008). Physicians rated the practicability of ClassIntra as 6 out of 9 (interquartile range 5-7).

However, due to the delay between the occurrence of patterns and catchment responses, they cannot be directly linked. Reliability among physicians showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.91). If you are unable to import citations, please contact

Temporal, spatial, and causal expansion of information, Flood frequency hydrology: 2.
In fact, even if no existing classification accounts for the routing through channels and floodplains, their effect is frequently discussed (Vorogushyn & Merz, 2013). Participants The cohort study included a representative sample of 2520 patients in hospital having any type of surgery, followed up until discharge. Seasonality of events is considered in all three methods, but its indicator (i.e., date of occurrence) is used differently. Hirschboeck, and one anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2917 Approaches of this family use clustering methods to group flood events and derive flood types through inductive analyses. SD-K, NVG, PFR, HCB, P-AC, LAS, PK, and RR designed the study. The survey was sent at the beginning of the prospective cohort study to physicians from the same international centres to grade severity. Flom i Norge, Quantifying effects of catchments storage thresholds on step changes in the flood frequency curve, Two‐component extreme value distribution for flood frequency analysis, A 2600‐year history of floods in the Bernese Alps , Switzerland : Frequencies , mechanisms and climate forcing, Effect of storm movement on flood peaks: Analysis framework based on characteristic timescales, Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and applications, Flood‐type classification in mountainous catchments using crisp and fuzzy decision trees, Development of a versatile flood frequency methodology and its application to flood series from different countries, Frequency analysis of nonidentically distributed hydrologic flood data, Hochwasser in Mitteleuropa seit 1500 und ihre Beziehung zur atmosphärischen Zirkulation, Exploring controls on rainfall‐runoff events: 1. Spatial extent of floods was linked to main synoptic causes in the Iberian Peninsula by Barriendos and Rodrigo (2006). In any of these perspectives, flood types can be either predefined (deductive approaches, used when relevant processes are possibly known) or derived by data mining (inductive approaches, adopted when no specific mechanisms are assumed a priori). It is, however, advisable to use POT flood sampling to assure that flood samples of every type have a sufficient size (Brunner et al., 2017; Fischer, 2018). Based on their assumption that a weak correlation between volume and peak discharge is an indicator of different flood types in a seasonal sample, types are stratified by maximizing the correlation between volume, and peak flood discharge within subsamples (Figure 5). So far no unified definition of causative mechanisms of flood events exists. (2014) classified flood events into four generation mechanisms (rainfall, snowmelt, rain‐on‐snow, and rainfall/snowmelt) using observed precipitation and snow depth. This allows them to characterize episodes of low or high rainfall intensity embedded into longer events and to identify “Low intensity – low sums” and “High intensity – high sums” flood precursors that would be otherwise overlooked. Causative classifications that are only based on precursors' storylines (rainfall characteristics, antecedent soil moisture) and do not include any runoff characteristics can be evaluated by examining if different flood types exhibit distinct hydrograph characteristics (e.g., rise time, shape, and peak magnitude) (Berghuijs et al., 2016; Kampf & Lefsky, 2016; Keller et al., 2018). Likewise, classifications that use coarse temporal and spatial data can be evaluated against the same frameworks applied to data with higher quality and resolution. Application in two Spanish catchments: Arás and Aguilón, Classification of mechanisms, climatic context, areal scaling, and synchronization of floods: The hydroclimatology of floods in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil, Floods in Catalonia (NE Spain) since the 14th century. The results are reported according to STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology).19. States prior to events, characterized by means of simulated soil moisture, are used in the latter study to distinguish short rain and flash floods (Table 2b). It results in a mixed class of simultaneous rain‐on‐snow, radiation‐induced snowmelt, and rainfall floods. Starting with the work of Todorovic and Rousselle (1971) in the Greenbrier River (West Virginia, USA), the date of flood occurrence was often used as a simple criterion to classify floods (e.g., Browzin, Baumbusch, & Pavlides, 1973; Guillot, 1973). Conclusions ClassIntra is the first prospectively validated classification for assessing intraoperative adverse events in a standardised way, linking them to postoperative complications with the well established Clavien-Dindo classification.

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