A rough typological identification of Vietnamese gods categorises them into four categories: Some of the most popular gods are: Kinh Dương Vương and his son Lạc Long Quân—who, with his wife Âu Cơ, gave rise to the Vietnamese race—, The Four Immortals (Tản Viên Sơn Thánh, Thánh Gióng, Chử Đồng Tử, and Liễu Hạnh), the Four Palaces’ goddesses (Mẫu Thượng Thiên, Mẫu Thượng Ngàn, Mẫu Thoải, and Mẫu Địa Phủ), Trần Hưng Đạo, Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh, Bà Chúa Kho, Bà Chúa Xứ, Thần Nông, Bà Đen, Quán Thế Âm, the bà mụ, and others. Another categorisation proposed by observing the vernacular usage is that miếu are temples enshrining nature gods (earth gods, water gods, fire gods), or family chapels (gia miếu); đình are shrines of tutelary deities of a place; and đền are shrines of deified heroes, kings, and other virtuous historical persons. The Cao Dai religion was established in southern Vietnam in 1926, and is a monotheistic religion that credits God - rather than any prophet or Buddha - as its founder.
These gods can be nature deities or national, community or kinship tutelary deities or ancestral gods and the ancestral gods of a specific family. New religious movements include Hoa Hao Buddhism and Cao Dai. The earliest established religion was Hinduism during the Cham Hindu Kingdom era. Vietnamese folk religion is not an organized religious system, but a set of local worship traditions devoted to the thần, a term which can be translated as “spirits“, “gods” or with the more exhaustive locution “generative powers”. Later religions in Vietnam include Christianity and Islam. Vietnamese Folk Religion. People forgather at the new Trần Nhân Tông Shrine in Huế. Nevertheless, traditions such as shamanism and soothsaying have revived despite government disapproval. The Minh Đạo or Đạo Minh is a group of five religions that have Tiên Thiên Đạo roots in common with, yet pre-date and have influenced, Caodaism. Along history, various human heroines, emerged as protectors or healers, were deified as other manifestations of the Mother Goddess. On the first day and the full moon, they display fruit on the altar decently. According to Professor Liam Keelley during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales. Five Minh Đạo movements appeared in southern Vietnam in the 19th and 20th centuries: Minh Sư Đạo (“Way of the Enlightened Master”), Minh Lý Đạo (“Way of the Enlightened Reason”), Minh Đường Đạo (“Way of the Temple of Light”), Minh Thiện Đạo (“Way of the Foreseeable Kindness”) and Minh Tân Đạo (“Way of the New Light”). He is worshipped in the main temple, but Caodaists also worship the Mother Goddess, also known as the Queen Mother of the West (Diêu Trì Kim Mẫu, Tây Vương Mẫu). As bivalency, linh is also metonymic of the inchoate order of creation. The Vietnamese mythology is the body of holy narrative telling the actions of many of these gods. The three main religions in Vietnam are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.Sometimes, they are grouped together as one religion called the three teachings or tam giáo.According to many studies, 70-90% of Vietnamese people are tam giáo. The first such medium was one Madam Lang in the 1990s, but the cult acquired a significant number of followers through another medium, Madam Xoan.
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