Each point has an angular range of 11.250 degrees where: middle azimuth is the horizontal angular direction (from north) of the given compass bearing; minimum is the lower angular limit of the compass point; and maximum is the upper angular limit of the compass point. [5] The names of the directions seem to be associated with physical landmarks for the ancient Israelites living in the region of Judea, e.g. Aristotle also makes special note of the periodic bending summer Etesian winds, which comes from different directions depending on where the observer lives.[46]. C.R.Ward (1894) "Current Notes: Names of the Winds", e.g. When he goes on to discuss half-winds, Pliny re-introduces Caecis as lying "between Aquilo and Subsolanus", thus restoring it effectively to its NE position. [66] Evidently reading Aristotle, Pliny tries to insert long-lost Meses again "between Boreas (= Aquilo) and Caecis", thus placing Meses in a position that (in a modern 32-point compass) would be called "Northeast by north". "It is the custom in the United States Navy to box from north and south toward east and west, with the exception that divisions adjacent to a cardinal or inter-cardinal point are always referred to that point. What Are Latitude and Longitude Lines on Maps? Caecias disappears from the NE altogether (although it appears on some enumerations of Vitruvius's list and will make a comeback with Seneca). Each half-wind name is simply a combination of the two principal winds that it bisects, with the shortest name usually placed first, for example: NNE is "Greco-Tramontana"; ENE is "Greco-Levante"; SSE is "Ostro-Scirocco", etc. For example, a northerly wind blows from the north to the south. No insinuation about degrees should be read into either case (principal winds are in bold): Many of the names in Vitruvius's list have appeared before elsewhere. It is uncertain when or why the human sense of geographic orientation and direction became associated with winds. [19] An alternative hypothesis is that it may come from "boros" meaning "voracious". (1894) "Current Notes: Names of the Winds". For the journal, see, George Payn Quackenbos A Natural Philosophy: Embracing the Most Recent Discoveries 1860 "Mentioning the mariner's compass: the points of the compass in their order is called boxing the compass. Aulus Gellius gives some information about local winds. Wind direction is determined by the direction from which it originates. Aristotle then goes on to add two half-winds, Thrascias (NNW) and Meses (NNE), noting that they "have no contraries". D'Avezac (1874: 11); Brown (1948: p.144). This area is called the doldrums. The tower is said to have been built by Andronicus of Cyrrhus (c. 50 BCE) but is commonly dated anytime after 200 BCE (that is, after Eratosthenes).
Similarly Lips (SW) and Notos (S) are "south winds" and Eurus (SE) and Apeliotes (E) are "east winds", but once again, both south and east winds are "generally southerly" (Notiae) because are all relatively warm (Aristotle reasons that as the sun rises in the east, then it heats east winds longer than west winds). Aristotle goes on to discuss the meteorological properties of the winds, e.g. Charlemagne's nomenclature resolves the half-wind dilemma (e.g. [25] However, at some points, Homer seems to imply two more: a northwest wind and a southwest wind. It seems Pliny is aware Aquilo is a half-wind, because since he says it lies "in between Septentrio and the summer sunrise" (although in a later chapter he places it at the summer sunrise).
Astral phenomena, in particular the position of the sun at dawn and dusk, were also used to denote direction.[2]. [88], Among other things worth noting, Solanus does not have its sub prefix and the wind Caurus (mentioned later by Aulus Gellius) is inserted between Corus and Circius (with old Thrascias given a separate position above that).
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